[3]Charniak, E and McDermott, D, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley, 1985, p292.
[4]For programs which discover mathematical conjectures, see Lenat, DB, "AM: Discovery in mathematics as heuristic search" in Davis, R and Lenat, DB (eds) Knowledge-Based Systems in Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
[5]Charniak and McDermott, supra, p609.
[6]ibid, p610.
[7]See Artificial Intelligence: a Paper symposium, Science Research Council, Gt B, 1973.
[8]Post, E "Formal reductions of the general combinatorial problem" American Journal of Mathematics Vol 65, p197, (1943).
[9]Newell, A and Simon, H Human Problem Solving, Prentice-Hall, 1972.
[10]The system described is "forward chaining"; most expert systems are "backward chaining"; see Charniak and McDermott, supra.
[11]Technically speaking, production rule systems are equivalent to Turing machines.
[13]Hibbert v McKiernan [1948] 2 KB 142, per Lord Goddard.
[14]Parker v British Airways [1982] 1 All E R 834.
[14]I should also add that most available shells fail completely to live up to this ideal. For a list of shells which are commercially available, see Byte, Vol 10, April, 1985 p306.
[16]Phase two might actually precede phase one: I have been told that there is an Australian system under development which is to advise on the entitlement to welfare payments.
[17] Much of the controversy is based on misunderstanding: see Tyree, A L "Can a 'Deterministic' Computer Judge Overrule Himself?" 7 Rutgers J of Computers, Technology and the law 381 (1980).
[18] The example is due to Richard Bellman, one of the early proponents of the use of computers in medicine. I do not know if Bellman wrote the argument anywhere. I heard him refer to it on several occasions during his visits to New Zealand in 1972. I have recently been informed that the Paps test is not as reliable as was then thought. That makes Bellman's argument all the more powerful.
[19] The problem is not confined to those situations where there are large numbers of individuals involved, nor would widespread high performance expert systems cure all of the problems: see Calabresi, Tragic Choices, New York, 1978.
[20] The Australian, "AI breaches Barrier of Medical prejudice" 1 October, 1985.