[2] at p.5

[3] at p.5

[4] (1787) 2 T.R. 63; revd (1790) 1 H. Bl. 357 and restored (1793) 2 H. Bl. 211

[5] Aicken v. Short (1856) 1 H. & N. 210; Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. v. Younis [1979] 1 NSWLR 444; ANZ Banking Group v. Westpac Banking Corporation (1988) 164 CLR 662

[6] ANZ Banking Group v Westpac Banking Corporation (1988) 164 CLR 662; Gowers v Lloyds & National Provincial Foreign Bank Ltd [1938] 1 All ER 766

[7] [1926] AC 670

[8] Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 3 WLR 10

[9] And to conform with his own views as a textbook writer and as judge at first instance in Barclays Bank Ltd v W J Simms, Son & Cooke (Southern) Ltd [1980] QB 677

[10] Most notably Clarke J in National Mutual Life Association v Walsh (1987) 8 NSWLR 585 rejecting the defence (obiter) on the basis of clear decisions by the English Court of Appeal in Bayliss v The Bishop of London [1913] 1 Ch 127

[11] ANZ Banking Group v. Westpac Banking Corporation (1988) 164 CLR 662

¹² per Lord Dunedin in Commissioner of Taxation v English Scottish and Australian Bank Ltd [1920] AC 683, at 688

[13] as in the case before Lord Dunedin. See also London Bank of Australia Ltd v Kendall (1920) 28 CLR 401, Ladbroke v Todd (1914) 30 TLR 433 and Marfani v Midland Bank [1968] 1 WLR 968

[14] Marfani v Midland Bank [1968] 1 WLR 956

¹⁵ at page 981, 982.

[16] Wilton v Commonwealth Trading Bank [1973] 2 NSWLR 644, Tina Motors v ANZ Banking Group [1977] VR 205, Day v Bank of New South Wales (1978) 19 ALR 32

[17] Australian Guarantee Corporation Ltd v Commissioner of the State Bank of Victoria [1989] VR 617