2 For further details, see Byler and Baker 'SWIFT: A Fast Method to Facilitate International Financial Transactions' (1983) 17 J World Trade L 458.
[3] For an early but still authoritative discussion of the problems of machine intelligence, see Turing 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence' (1950) 59 Mind 433. The current techniques of artificial intelligence are found in Charniak and McDermott Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (1985) Addison-Wesley.
[4] Buchanan and Shortliffe (eds) Rule-Based Expert Systems (1984) Addison-Wesley pp 16-18.
[5] See for example section 51(3) Patents Act 1977 (UK) and section 51(b) of the European Patent Convention. Patent protection was refused even for the process of making a recombinant DNA product in Genentech Inc v Wellcome Foundation Ltd [1989] RPC 147 on the grounds that the product was not an invention but merely a discovery.
6 See Appeal on Lubrizol Genetics (formerly Agrigenetics) European Patent Application No 81303287.7.
[7] 'Journey to the Centre of Life: Introduction to the New Biotechnologies' (1988) 1 Development Dialogue 32
[8] Ibid p35.
9 'Mammalian Cell Culture: Worldwide Activities and Markets' [1987] Bio/Technology p 692.
[10] The exceptions appear to be the United States and Australia. See Australian Patent Office Background Paper on Australian Patents for Plants (1989) and National Research Development Corporation v Commissioner of Patents (1959) 102 CLR 252.
11 In particular, the United States and Australia.
12 Holden The History of Negotiable Instruments in English Law (1955) Athlone Press.
[13] Chichester Gipsy Moth Circles the World (1967) Hodder and Stoughton; Villiers Men Ships and the Sea (1962) National Geographic Society. The time of 100 days was for the very fastest clippers. It appears that an average time was more like 150 days; see Chichester, p 6.
14 Schmitthoff's Export Trade XXX
[15] Note that this implementation was dictated by business, not technical considerations.
16 Henthorne v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27; Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681; Bruner v Moore [1904] 1 Ch 305.
17 See Banco Nacional Ultramarino v First National Bank of Boston 289 F 169 (1923).
18 Eyles v Ellis (1827) 4 Bing 112.
19 See, for example, Tenax Steamship Co Ltd v Brimnes (Owners) "The Brimnes" [1975] QB 929; A/S Awilco of Oslo v Fulvia SpA di Navigazione of Cagliari [1981] 1 WLR 314; Robertson 'Concepts of Payment in Domestic and International Fund Transfers' (1992) 3 JBFLP 16.
20 Evra Corporation v Swiss Bank Corporation 522 F Supp 820 (1981); revd 673 F 2d 951 (1982).
21 Brikibon Ltd v Stahig Stahl GmbH [1982] 1 All ER 293.
22 See Damon 'Freedom of Information versus National Sovereignty: the need for a new global forum for the resolution of transborder data flow problems' 10 Fordham International Law Journal 262 (1986-1987) p 276-277.
23 Sauvant 'Trade in services: the case of transborder data flows: a panel' 78 American Society of Internaitional Law Proceedings 240 (1985); Miller 'Teleinformatics, transborder data flows and the emerging struggle for information: an introduction to the arrival of the new information age' 20 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 88 (1988).
[24] Privacy Amendment Act 1992.
25 Sauvant 'Trade in services: the case of transborder data flows: a panel' 78 American Society of Internaitional Law Proceedings 240 (1985).
26 See, for example, Kirby 'Informatics, transborder data flows and law: the new challenges' [1988] New Zealand Law Journal 38
27 For that matter, they are not welcome even at the local level. See the ongoing dispute concerning the electronic mail system at the University of Wollongong, reported in Campus Higher Education News, May 28, 1992 p 20.
28 See the speech of Senator Macklin in the Australian Senate, Hansard, 19 February, 1987.
29 See Damon 'Freedom of Information versus National Sovereignty: the need for a new global forum for the resolution of transborder data flow problems' 10 Fordham International Law Journal 262 (1986-1987) p 276-277.
[30] This is another aspect of the problem which India was attempting to solve in its confrontation with IBM. See Damon 'Freedom of Information versus National Sovereignty: the need for a new global forum for the resolution of transborder data flow problems' 10 Fordham International Law Journal 262 (1986-1987) p 276-277.
31 See Henriksen The legal aspect of Paper-less international trade and transport (1982) Juristforbundets Forlag
[32] This taxonomy is identified in Bergsten and Goode 'Legal Questions and Problems to be Overcome' in Thomsen and Wheble (eds) Trading with EDI - The Legal Issues (1989) IBC Financial Books.
33 See Tapper Computer Law (1990) Longman Professional.
34 See Ramberg 'Electronic transfer of rights to goods in transit' in Thomsen and Wheble (eds) Trading with EDI - The Legal Issues (1989) IBC Financial Books.
35 For a detailed description of the legal problems associated with a particular deposit scheme for trading bills of exchange, see Tyree 'Commercial Bills' in Austin and Vann (eds) The Law of Public Company Finance (1986) The Law Book Company.
36 For a discussion of public key cryptography and its relationship to ordinary cryptography, see Sedgewick Algorithms (1983) Addison-Wesley and Rivest, Shamir and Adleman 'A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems' 21 Comminications of the ACM 2 (1978).
37 See Richardson 'Non-negotiable transport documentation' in Thomsen and Wheble (eds) Trading with EDI - The Legal Issues (1989) IBC Financial Books; see also Walden and Savage 'The Legal Problems of Paperless Transactions' XXX Journal of Bus Law 102